Many
people both inside and outside the church know that Paul said something about
women being silent in church. They can’t tell you where the passage is found
and they know nothing about its context, but they are certain that they
understand what Paul meant.
The
truth is, however, that Paul never told women to be silent in the church, as
will be shown in the following essay. The passage in question is I Corinthians
4:34-35 and reads,
Let your women keep silent in the
churches, for they are not permitted to speak; but they are to be submissive,
as the law also says. And if they want to learn something, let them ask their
own husbands at home; for it is shameful for women to speak in church.
There
are several immediate and glaring problems with taking this passage at face
value. First of all, it is out of character with what we know of Paul from Acts
and his other letters where he recognizes women as his co-workers and even
recognizes a woman apostle in Romans 16:7. Secondly, this passage is also out
of character with what Paul has said earlier in this same letter where women
are allowed to pray and prophesy if, for cultural reasons in Corinth, they wear
a head covering. Thirdly, what “law” is being referred to in this passage?
There is no such law in the Old Testament that demands female silence in the
public assembly.
Perhaps
the greatest challenge for taking this passage at face value is the fact that
it is a part of a larger dialogue about Spiritual gifts and, in typical Pauline
fashion, inclusive language is used throughout the discussion. In I Corinthians
14:23, for example, Paul speaks of the potential of the whole church coming together and all speaking with tongues. Then in vss. 24
& 31, he speaks of the potential for all
to prophesy. In vs. 31 he says all may prophesy that all may learn and all be encouraged.
In
no way does Paul imply that all does not mean both men and women in
these verses. If he had wanted to exclude women he could have done so by using
gender-specific language, but he doesn’t. Verse 21 in the KJV has Paul saying,
In the Law it is written, with men of
other tongues and other lips will I speak to this people. “Men,” however, is not in the Greek,
but was added by the translators. The NRSV got it right by translating the
Greek phrase as, By people of strange tongues . . ..
In
a similar way, vs. 27 in the KJV has Paul saying. If any man speak in an unknown tongue . . ..
Again, the KJV translators have taken a lot of freedom, for the Greek word
translated “man” is tis and actually means “anyone.” In this whole
discussion about prophecy and tongues in the church, Paul is obviously careful
not to exclude anyone from participating because of their gender.
We
must remember too that Paul did not write in chapters and verses. These
divisions were not introduced into Scripture until the fourteenth century. This
means that we cannot arbitrarily lift this passage from its context, which is
the discussion about Spiritual gifts where he uses gender-inclusive language
indicating his assumption that both women and men functioned in these gifts in
the church gathering.
Attempts to
Solve the Dilemma
Indeed,
I Corinthians 4:34-35 is so out of character with the rest of this letter that
it has led some good evangelical scholars to conclude that Paul did not write
these verses. This is the position of Dr. Gordon Fee, a renowned New Testament
exegete, who
believes that an early scribe/copyist (remember they didn’t have photo copiers)
added these words and they found their way into the text (Gordon Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 699-708).
Another solution offered by those
who already have a bias against women leaders in the church, postulates that
this passage bans women from judging the prophecies that come forth in the
church gathering. According to this theory, women can prophesy but they cannot
judge or discern the prophecies, as was commanded in 14:29. According to the
proponents of this theory, women are here forbidden to judge prophecies in the
congregation because this would put them in a position of authority over their
husbands.
This is the position of Wayne
Grudem who insists that Paul’s concern in 14:34-35 is to “preserve male
leadership in the teaching and governing of the church” (See chapter 47 of Grudem’s
Systematic Theology). Fee, however,
points out that this passage is so far removed from the command of 14:29 that
one wonders how the Corinthians themselves would have made the connection. He
then takes Grudem and others to task, saying, “Nothing in the passage itself
even remotely hints at such a thing” (Fee, The
First Epistle to the Corinthians, 704).
An older solution to this passage
postulates a segregated church gathering with men and women seated on opposite
sides of the aisles. According to this theory, Paul, in this passage, is
addressing the problem of women calling to their husbands across the aisle and
asking questions about what is happening in the meeting. “George, did you hear
what he said?” “John, what did he mean by that?"
The problem with this theory is
that it assumes a “church” situation that did not exist. There is no evidence
that either Jesus or His disciples segregated the disciples according to their
gender. In the Upper Room on the Day of Pentecost, men and women mingled and prayed together freely (Acts 1:14; 2:1).
This theory also assumes a
traditional church setting with a “church” building with divided seating and an
aisle in the middle. The fact is, however, that there is no evidence of a
church building for the first two hundred years of the church’s existence.
During the New Testament era, Christians met primarily in homes. Their
gathering itself constituted the “church,” not the building in which they met.
The meetings were personal and informal and provided the context of passages
such as I Corinthians 14:26 where Paul recognizes that when the Corinthians
come together for “church,” all are involved. Each of you has a Psalm, has a teaching, has a tongue, has a
revelation, has an interpretation . . ..
The idea of women calling across
the aisle to their husbands as the context of the passage in question, is a
simplistic answer that has no basis in either Scripture or history.
The Answer is
Found in One Tiny Word
This answer to this dilemma comes
to light when we recall that, in this letter, Paul answers questions that have
been posed to him by the Corinthians in a previous letter written to him. He
begins his answer with the phrase “now concerning” and often quotes what they
have said in their letter to him.
A clear example of this is I
Corinthians 7:1 where he says, Now
concerning the things of which you wrote to me: It is not good for a man to
touch a woman. There is wide-spread agreement among New Testament scholars
that the part of the phrase, it is not
good for a man to touch a woman, is a statement made by the Corinthians in their
previous letter to Paul. He repeats it here as a means of introducing the topic
for discussion.
Another example is 12:1 where he
says, Now concerning Spiritual gifts,
an indication that he is now addressing questions they had posed to him about
Spiritual gifts. Not only in 7:1 and 12:1, but in other sections of the letter,
such as 1:12 and 3:4, Paul alludes to things the Corinthians themselves have
said and then responds. There is strong textual evidence that in 14:34-35, Paul
is quoting what the Corinthians said in their letter to him for the purpose of
refuting it.
This is indicated by Paul’s use
of a tiny Greek word at the beginning of vs. 36, and coming immediately after
the statement about women being silent. It is the word η, which is often used in Greek as an “expletive of disassociation”
such as the English, “Rubbish!” or “Nonsense!” or “Get out of here!” Although
the word can have various uses, this use was common in the New Testament era
and is often used in this manner by Paul himself.
In I Corinthians 6:15, for
example, Paul uses η in this way as a
rebuttal to a rhetorical question. After informing the Corinthians that they
are members of Christ’s body, he asks, Shall
I then take the members of Christ and make them members of a harlot? He
then answers his own question with η,
which both the NIV and NRSV translate as “Never!” The NKJV translates it as
“Certainly not!”
This use of η to dispute a previous statement is confirmed by the massive Greek-English Lexicon by Liddell and
Scott, which gives a definition of η
as “an exclamation expressing disapproval.” This means that in I Corinthians
14:34-35, Paul is quoting what the Corinthians have said about women being
silent and then responds with “an exclamation of disapproval” that may be
translated as “Nonsense!” or “Never!” or “Certainly not!”
Dr. Eddie L. Hyatt is an author and Bible teacher with a vision for another Great Awakening in America and around the world. His latest book, Pilgrims and Patriots, documents how America was birthed out of a great Spiritual awakening and is available from Amazon and his website at www.eddiehyatt.com.
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